3 Legendary
Ancient Libraries That Safeguarded Ancient Knowledge
Did you know
that thousands of years before the existence of bounded books, different
ancient cultures were aware how important it was to keep records of events
through their history? Thousands of years ago, ancient cultures built
incredible, massive libraries, that acted as giant forts of knowledge.
These great
temples of knowledge served not only to safeguard ancient clay tablets and
scrolls but as a center of culture and learning.
In this
article, we take a look at three legendary ancient libraries and why they were
an important cultural center for ancient humankind.
Featured image: One of
the theories suggests that Library of Alexandria was burned down. ‘The Burning
of the Library of Alexandria’, by Hermann Goll (1876).
The Library Of Alexandria
The Library
of Alexandria is perhaps one of the most famous ancient libraries in history.
After
Alexander the Great died in 323BC, the control of Egypt was given to former
general Ptolemy I Soter who wanted to create a leading center in the city of
Alexandria. The result: The Mighty Library of Alexandria, which soon turned
into an intellectual wonder in the ancient world.
Despite the
fact that we know little about the physical layout of the Library of
Alexandria, we do know that at its peak it safeguarded more than half a million
papyrus scrolls which contained countless works of literature, as well as
ancient history texts, and documents detailing law, mathematics, and science.
The ancient
library of Alexandria was a center of learning for numerous ancient
philosophers.
This
sanctuary hosted a small zoo, gardens, a large room for meetings and even a
laboratory.
The rooms
that were dedicated to the library ended up being the most important of the
entire institution, which was known in the intellectual world of antiquity to
be unique.
For
centuries, the Ptolemies supported and conserved the Library that, from its
beginnings, maintained an atmosphere of study and work.
They devoted
large sums to the acquisition of books, with works from Greece, Persia, India,
Palestine, Africa, and other ancient cultures, although Greek and Hellenistic literature
predominated.
The Museum’s
library consisted of ten rooms dedicated to research, each devoted to a
different discipline. A large number of poets and philosophers, who became more
than a hundred in their best years, were responsible for its maintenance, with
total dedication. In fact, the Museum building was considered a true temple
dedicated to knowledge.
The great
library’s fall is traditionally dated to 48 B.C. when it allegedly burned down
after Julius Caesar accidentally set fire to Alexandria’s harbor during a
battle against the Egyptian ruler Ptolemy XIII.
“…when
the enemy endeavored to cut off his communication by sea, he was forced to
divert that danger by setting fire to his own ships, which, after burning the
docks, thence spread on and destroyed the great library” — Plutarch, Life
of Caesar
The Library of Pergamum
The Acropolis of
Pergamum, seen from the Via Tecta at the entrance to the Asklepion. Image
Credit: Wikimedia Commons CC BY-SA 2.0
Built in the
third century BC, the Library of Pergamum was in Antiquity second in importance
after the great Library of Alexandria.
Both
competed for a time in quality, number of volumes and importance.
The kings of
Pergamum were collectors of art and bibliophiles and had a great concern for
culture (like the Ptolemaic in Egypt).
They were
interested in converting their capital, Pergamum, into a city like Athens in
the time of Pericles.
The king
of Pergamum Attalus was the founder of the library,
and his son Eumenes II was the one who enlarged and built on it. It became an
important ancient cultural center and reached to accumulate up to 200,000
volumes of ancient texts according to the writings of Plutarch. (other sources
mention it contained up to 300,000).
The library
also included a school of grammatical studies, just as in Alexandria, but with
a different current. While in Alexandria they specialized in editions of
literary texts and grammatical criticism, in Pergamum they
inclined more to the philosophy, mainly to the stoic philosophy, to the search
of the logic instead of to make philological analyzes.
The ancient
city of Pergamum become a leading production center for parchment paper.
The Imperial Library of Constantinople
Capturer Capture
of Constantinople by the Fourth Crusade in 1204 ( Public Domain )
Considered
as the LAST of the great libraries of the ancient world, the Imperial Library
of Constantinople was founded in the capital city of the ancient Byzantine
Empire.
Long after
the destruction of other great libraries such as the great Library of
Alexandria, the Imperial Library of Constantinople preserved the ancient
knowledge of the Greeks and Romans for a period of one thousand years.
Several
fires in the Library of Constantinople destroyed much of the collection. The
library was burnt in the year 473, and about 120,000 volumes were lost.
The Imperial
Library of Constantinople was built by Constantius II who was the son of the
first Christian emperor Constantine. Some assessments place the collection
at just over 100,000 volumes which included papyrus scrolls and codices bound
in parchment, although 120,000 volumes had been destroyed in a fire
in a.d. 473.
Featured
image credit: Leon Tukker Freelance
concept/environment artist and Illustrator
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